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Clicker training is a method of training that is based upon Operant Conditioning. The theory behind the clicker training is that if a behavior is positively reinforced it is more likely to be repeated in the future. The clicker is used as a marker of the behaviour that you want. It is not a magical gadget, it is simply a consistent marker to communicate to the dog "YES - that is what I want!" Following the "click" or marker the dog is given reinforcement, such as a tasty morsel of his favourite food. If you click and treat every time the dog does a certain behaviour he will begin to recognize that the desired behaviour is a really good thing! At this point the dog will begin offering or volunteering the behaviour. At this point you would add a verbal cue or hand signal for the behaviour.
I am a huge fan of clicker training. My dogs LOVE the clicker and will do anything to hear that CLICK! Training time is no longer like 'work' for them, rather a fun game where they try to figure out what to do in order to hear that CLICK! In my opinion clicker training is a great alternative to conventional methods of training that would typically resort to force or coercion to get the dog to preform a certain behaviour. Clicker training focuses on positive reinforcement and I have found it builds a great working relationship with my dogs. The way I think of it is that there are many ways to get to your destination of a well-trained dog. You could train your dog through force and punishment. I don't know about you but I don't particularly enjoy bullying my dogs into behaving. I find, however, that the method of clicker training puts the least amount of wear and tear on the dog and the trainer.